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A service from 'The Serious Writers Guild' at MAKEHITS.COM Written by Dec Cluskey
This Email first mailed to all Members of 'The Serious Writers Guild' and
subscribers to 'One Minute With Dec' on 12.08.02
Hi Dec,
As always I find your
letter a great stimulus, not only as regards my musical
life, which is going
pretty well anyway, but in the area of life generally.
Keep
going!"
Derry
"Hi Dec,
First of all a big thank you for your advice on my contract with the independent dance label I'm about to sign."
Ralf Gerhardt
Support our UK music friends by copying and circulating this slogan to everyone you know there :
"My Emails are written in good humour, and should be read with a smile"
"I'm not cut out for being a working musician myself, but I still enjoy playing. You won't have to give up music. Just because I don't make a living from playing my guitar (or anything else) doesn't mean that I don't have a rewarding experience when I play."
'IMPEDANCE'...the mystery revealed:
The Resistance of each Loudspeaker drive unit and the way they are wired together are the things we need to calculate overall 'impedance' which translates as the 'LOAD' exerted on the amplifier, just to confuse things 'AS THE IMPEDANCE INCREASES SO THE LOAD ON THE AMPLIFIER DECREASES' and in turn 'THE LOWER THE IMPEDANCE OF THE CIRCUIT THE GREATER THE LOAD ON THE AMPLIFIER'. Many modern amps will run at 2 ohms (some even 1 ohm) but that doesn't mean that it doesn't have consequences and knowing the way the overall load is calculated can help with adding flexibility to any system.
Firstly, all loudspeaker loads are NOMINAL this is a figure used to represent the way IMPEDANCE changes with frequency i.e. A nominal 8 ohm load although undoubtedly 8 ohms at some frequencies will be very different at others. Use the nominal figure for calculations.
There are 2 basic ways to wire up multiples of anything, either in SERIES or in PARALLEL, or a combination of the 2.
In a series circuit the signal is fed from +ve (of the amp output) to +ve on first speaker (either box or driver) then from negative on first speaker to positive on 2nd speaker, negative on 2nd speaker to positive on third and on and on until negative of last speaker goes back to negative on amp.
Wired in this way the overall circuit impedance is raised and the impedance of each unit is added to give the total load i.e. 3 x 8 ohm speakers wired in series 8+8+8 = 24 ohm load, 5 x 4 ohm speakers 4+4+4+4+4= 20 ohm load.
In a parallel circuit all positives are wired together as are all negatives, positives to positive on amp, negatives to negative on amp, wired in this way the overall impedance is decreased, to find the figure we need to do sums though.
Here goes:
If x = final circuit impedance and (for now) all loudspeakers are 8 ohm
Then
1/x = 1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8 +, etc.
So with 2 speakers 1/x = 1/8 + 1/8, so 1/x = ¼, so x = 4
But with 4 speakers 1/x =1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8, so 1/x =4/8 =1/2, so x =2
As the amp used may produce double the power at 4 ohm that it can at 8 ohms it is useful to know these figures and by using combinations of series and parallel networks it is possible to wire many loudspeakers onto a single amp (power permitting) without overloading the outputs (check amp spec for minimum load impedance). But always check overall loading and remember the lower the overall impedance the harder the amp has to work the hotter it will get, the higher the overall impedance the lower the distortion and noise of the final sound.
[written by Ian Warrener....]
Check
Ian out at www.pa-direct.co.uk
Two of the guys from our recent competition had already bought the products they won so they cleverly opted for 'One Minute With Dec - The First Annual' plus the two interactive CD's....smart move - it is the best Music Info and help book and CD's on the Net. available at: https://secure.mistral.co.uk/makehits/swgappsecure.htm
"You
are not stuck where you are - unless you decide to
be"
wayne w
dyer
R
egardsDec
"Paths clear before those who know where they're going and are determined to get there"
leonard roy frank
Tip of the week: Always
pack those little green colored ear plugs [the sort that clay pidgeon shooting
people use]. You get to bed at 4.20 am in the sproncy, 5 star hotel...the
business guys are up at 7am and your beautiful suite is smack by the car
park...whoops! [can you guess that happened to me in Manchester last
week?] You can get them at a good chemist [drug
store] they have round tips and they 'work'.
Gag of the Week:
"A doctor and a lawyer in two cars collided on a country road.
The
lawyer, seeing that the doctor was a little shaken up, helped him from
the
car and offered him a drink from his hip flask.
The
doctor accepted and handed the flask back to the lawyer, who closed it
and
put it away.
"Aren't you going to have a drink yourself?" asked the
doctor.
"Sure, after the police leave," replied the attorney.
============================================
One Moment with Stuart Goldsmith
"ID cards will be introduced, probably, voluntarily. Then they will be made compulsory. Then they will become a cash card, medical card, entitlement card all rolled into one. Then cash will disappear.
Now the Government will have total, absolute fingertip control over each and every citizen."
the website of my good friend - Stuart Goldsmith
=====================================================
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